Avaliação da tendência temporal e da prevalência de leishmaniose visceral canina e humana dentre os anos de 2010 a 2019 em municípios de Minas Gerais ­ Brasil / Evaluation of the temporal trend and prevalence of canine and human visceral leishmaniosis between 2010 and 2019 in municipalities of Minas Gerais - Brazil / Evaluación de la tendencia temporal y de la prevalencia de leishmaniosis visceral canina y humana entre los años 2010 a 2019 en los municipios de Minas Gerais ­ Brasil

Leishmanioses são causadas por protozoários do gênero Leishmania, parasitos que infectam grande número de mamíferos, incluindo o homem. A Leishmaniose Visceral (LV) é a forma mais severa da doença e invariavelmente leva ao óbito, se não diagnosticada e tratada precocemente. O objetivo deste estudo foi realizar uma análise de natureza documental, descritiva e analítica, de abordagem quantitativa das informações contidas no banco de dados Fundação Ezequiel Dias/Gerenciador de Ambientes Laboratoriais (FUNED/GAL), da Secretaria Estadual de Saúde de Minas Gerais. Os dados epidemiológicos que compõe este estudo são registros de casos positivos e negativos da cidade de Patos de Minas-MG e 18 municípios das mesorregiões do Triângulo Mineiro e Alto Paranaíba, Noroeste de Minas e Norte de Minas. No período compreendido entre janeiro de 2010 e junho de 2019 foram notificados um total de 1170 indivíduos suspeitos de Leishmaniose Visceral Canina e/ou Humana. 304 (25,98%) indivíduos receberam o resultado positivo, enquanto 866 foram negativos, e em alguns casos, inconclusivos. Os dados obtidos no estudo revelaram a tendência temporal crescente e alta prevalência da doença, mostrando que a doença está em expansão na região estudada onde o cão é o principal reservatório doméstico da doença, permanecendo como principal elo de ligação entre o protozoário e o hospedeiro humano.(AU)

Leishmaniasis are caused by protozoa of the genus Leishmania, parasites that infect a large number of mammals, including humans. Visceral Leishmaniasis (VL) is the most severe form of the disease and invariably leads to death if not diagnosed and treated early. The objective of this study was to carry out a documentary, descriptive and analytical analysis, with a quantitative approach to the information contained in the Fundação Ezequiel Dias/Manager of Laboratory Environments (FUNED/GAL) database from the Minas Gerais State Health Secretariat. The epidemiological data that make up this study are records of positive and negative cases in the city of Patos de Minas - MG and of 18 municipalities in the mesoregions of the Triângulo Mineiro and Alto Paranaíba, Northwest of Minas and North of Minas. In the period between January 2010 and June 2019, a total of 1170 individuals suspected of Canine and/or Human Visceral Leishmaniasis were notified. A total of 304 (25.98%) individuals received a positive result, while 866 were considered negative, and in some cases, inconclusive. The data obtained in the study revealed the growing temporal trend and high prevalence of the disease, showing that the disease is expanding in the studied region where the dog is presented as the main domestic reservoir of the disease, remaining as the main link between the protozoan and the human host.(AU)

Leishmaniosis son causadas por protozoos del género Leishmania, parásitos que infectan a un gran número de mamíferos, incluyendo el hombre. La Leishmaniosis Visceral (LV) es la forma más grave de la enfermedad e invariablemente conduce a la muerte, si no se la diagnostica y la trata a tiempo. El objetivo de ese estudio fue realizar un análisis de naturaleza documental, descriptivo y analítico, de enfoque cuantitativo de las informaciones contenidas en la base de datos Fundação Ezequiel Dias/Gerente de Ambientes de Laboratorio (FUNED /GAL), de la Secretaría de Salud del Estado de Minas Gerais. Los datos epidemiológicos que conforman este estudio son registros de casos positivos y negativos en la ciudad de Patos de Minas-MG y 18 municipios de las mesorregiones del Triângulo Mineiro y Alto Paranaíba, Noroeste de Minas y Norte de Minas. En el período comprendido entre enero de 2010 y junio de 2019, se notificó a un total de 1170 personas sospechosas de Leishmaniosis Visceral Canina y/o Humana. 304 (25,98%) individuos recibieron un resultado positivo, mientras que 866 fueron negativos y, en algunos casos, no concluyentes. Los datos obtenidos en el estudio revelaron la tendencia creciente temporal y la alta prevalencia de la enfermedad, mostrando que la enfermedad se está expandiendo en la región estudiada donde el perro es el principal reservorio doméstico de la enfermedad, permaneciendo como principal conexión entre el protozoo y el hospedero humano.(AU)

Knowledge about bacterial and viral pathogens present in wild mammals in Chile: a systematic review

This study organizes all available information about viral and bacterial pathogens of wild mammals in Chile. This was done in order to identify pathogens that have been well-documented and recognize those that have not been properly studied, determine the number of articles that have been published annually about this topic and identify regions in Chile that concentrate the highest and lowest number of studies concerning viral and bacterial pathogens. A total of 67 scientific articles published in peer-reviewed journals from 1951 to 2018 were selected for revision. Results indicate that the number of publications has increased per decade but there are years in which no articles were published. Most studies addressed Leptospira, rabies, hantavirus, Mycobacterium avium paratuberculosis (MAP) and distemper. Rodentia, Carnivora, Chiroptera and Cetartiodactyla were the most studied mammal orders. Information about presence/absence of pathogens was found for 44 wild mammal species. Research was mainly carried out in central and southern Chile and the most commonly employed methods for pathogen diagnosis were serology and molecular techniques. Overall, research in wild mammals has been directed towards the evaluation of zoonotic diseases, while vector-borne and non-zoonotic diseases have been mostly neglected by the scientific community over the years.

Conocimiento acerca de los patógenos virales y bacterianos presentes en mamíferos silvestres en Chile: una revisión sistemática / Knowledge about viral and bacterial pathogens present in wild mammals in Chile: a systematic review

Resumen Este estudio organiza toda la información disponible acerca de los patógenos virales y bacterianos de mamíferos silvestres en Chile. Esto fue realizado con el objetivo de identificar patógenos que han sido bien documentados y reconocer aquellos que no han sido apropiadamente estudiados, determinar el número de artículos que han sido publicados anualmente acerca de este tópico e identificar las regiones en Chile que han concentrado el mayor y menor número de estudios relacionados con patógenos virales y bacterianos. Para lograr esto, se seleccionó para revisión un total de 67 artículos científicos publicados en revistas evaluadas por pares desde 1951 al 2018. Los resultados indican que el número de publicaciones ha incrementado por década y hay años en los cuales no se publicaron artículos. La mayoría de los estudios se relacionan con Leptospira, rabia, hantavirus, Mycobacterium avium paratuberculosis (MAP) y distémper. Rodentia, Carnivora, Chiroptera y Cetartiodactyla fueron los órdenes de mamíferos más estudiados. Información acerca de la presencia/ausencia de patógenos fue encontrada en 44 especies de mamíferos silvestres. La mayor parte de las investigaciones buscaron patógenos en Chile sur y central y los métodos de diagnóstico más empleados para el diagnóstico de patógenos fueron serología y técnicas moleculares. En general, la investigación en mamíferos silvestres ha sido dirigida a la evaluación de enfermedades zoonóticas, mientras que aquellas enfermedades transmitidas por vectores y enfermedades no zoonóticas han sido mayormente ignoradas por la comunidad científica.

This study organizes all available information about viral and bacterial pathogens of wild mammals in Chile. This was done in order to identify pathogens that have been well-documented and recognize those that have not been properly studied, determine the number of articles that have been published annually about this topic and identify regions in Chile that concentrate the highest and lowest number of studies concerning viral and bacterial pathogens. A total of 67 scientific articles published in peer-reviewed journals from 1951 to 2018 were selected for revision. Results indicate that the number of publications has increased per decade but there are years in which no articles were published. Most studies addressed Leptospira, rabies, hantavirus, Mycobacterium avium paratuberculosis (MAP) and distemper. Rodentia, Carnivora, Chiroptera and Cetartiodactyla were the most studied mammal orders. Information about presence/absence of pathogens was found for 44 wild mammal species. Research was mainly carried out in central and southern Chile and the most commonly employed methods for pathogen diagnosis were serology and molecular techniques. Overall, research in Chilean wild mammals has been directed towards the evaluation of zoonotic diseases, while vector-borne and non-zoonotic diseases have been mostly neglected by the scientific community.

Detección de Rickettsia spp. en ectoparásitos de animales domésticos y silvestres de la Reserva Natural Privada Cerro Chucantí y comunidades aledañas, Panamá, 2007-2010 / Detection of Rickettsia in ectoparasites of wild and domestic mammals from the Cerro Chucanti private reserve and from neighboring towns, Panamá, 2007-2010

Introducción. Los ectoparásitos son los principales vectores de rickettsiosis. En Panamá se tienen escasos datos sobre los artrópodos que pudieran considerarse vectores o reservorios. Objetivos. Presentar datos sobre la presencia de Rickettsia spp. en ectoparásitos de fauna silvestre y animales domésticos en la Reserva Natural Privada Cerro Chucantí y poblados vecinos. Materiales y métodos. Se revisaron 9 personas, 95 mamíferos domésticos y 48 silvestres. Los animales domésticos se examinaron con anuencia del propietario, mientras que la fauna silvestre se capturó con trampas Sherman y Tomahawk. Se extrajeron 21 especies de ectoparásitos: pulgas, piojos, garrapatas y otros ácaros, los cuales se preservaron en etanol al 95 %. Se extrajo material genético de garrapatas y pulgas para ser analizado por técnicas moleculares en la detección de Rickettsia spp. Resultados. Se practicaron 425 reacciones de PCR, de las cuales, 270 resultaron negativas y 155 positivas. De las positivas, 86 amplificaron para el gen gltA (55 % de las positivas); de estos también amplificaron 41 (26 %) para ompA. Se encontró material genético de Rickettsia amblyommii, en garrapatas de caballos (Amblyomma cajennense, Dermacentor nitens), de perros (Rhipicephalus sanguineus) y ninfas de Amblyomma recolectadas en el bosque. Además, se detectó ADN de R. felis en pulgas Ctenocephalides felis de perros. Conclusiones. Se pudo detectar la presencia de R. amblyommii y R. felis en garrapatas y pulgas de animales domésticos de los poblados cercanos a Cerro Chucantí, aun cuando no se pudo encontrar material genético de Rickettsia en ectoparásitos de la fauna silvestre.

Introduction. Ectoparasites are the main vectors of rickettsiosis. In Panama, however, limited data are available concerning the arthropod species that serve as vectors or reservoirs. Objectives. Data are presented concerning the presence of Rickettsia in ectoparasites of wildlife and domestic animals in the Cerro Chucantí private nature reserve and in neighboring villages. Materials and methods. Nine humans, 95 domestic mammals and 48 wild mammals were examined. Twenty-one species of ectoparasites were obtained, including fleas, lice, ticks and mites. These were preserved in 95% ethanol. Later, the DNA was extracted from the ticks and fleas and analyzed by molecular techniques to detect presence of Rickettsia. Results. Of a total of 425 PCR reactions, 270 were positive for Rickettsia and 155 negative. Among the positive samples, 86 PCR amplified for the gltA gene (55% of positives) and 41 of these also amplified the ompA gene. DNA of Rickettsiaamblyommii was found in horses ticks (Amblyomma cajennense, Dermacentor nitens), dogs ticks (Rhipicephalus sanguineus) and free living nymphs in the forest. Additionally, DNA of R. felis was found in fleas from dogs Ctenocephalides felis. Conclusions. The presence of R. amblyommii and R. felis was detected in ticks and fleas of domestic animals in villages near Cerro Chucanti; however no Rickettsia DNA was found in ectoparasites of non-domestic wildlife.

Detection of Bartonella species from ticks, mites and small mammals in Korea

We investigated the prevalence of Bartonella infections in ticks, mites and small mammals (rodents, insectivores and weasels) collected during 2001 through 2004, from various military installations and training sites in Korea, using PCR and sequence analysis of 16S rRNA, 23S rRNA and groEL heat shock protein genes. The prevalence of Bartonella spp. was 5.2% (n = 1, 305 sample pools) in ticks, 19.1% (n = 21) in mesostigmatid mites and 13.7% (n = 424 individuals) in small mammals. The prevalence within the family Ixodidae was, 4.4% (n = 1, 173) in Haemaphysalis longicornis (scrub tick), 2.7% (n = 74) in H. flava, 5.0% (n = 20) in Ixodes nipponensis, 11.1% (n = 9) in I. turdus, 33.3% (n = 3) in I. persulcatus and 42.3% (n = 26) in Ixodes spp. ticks. In rodents, the prevalence rate was, 6.7% (n = 373) in Apodemus agrarius (striped field mouse) and 11.1% (n = 9) in Eothenomys regulus (Korean red-backed vole) and in an insectivore, Crocidura lasiura, 12.1% (n = 33). Neither of the two weasels were positive for Bartonella spp. Phylogenetic analysis based on amino acid sequence of a portion of the groEL gene amplified from one A. agrarius spleen was identical to B. elizabethae species. We demonstrated the presence of Bartonella DNA in H. longicornis, H. flava and I. nipponensis ticks, indicating that these ticks should be added to the growing list of potential tick vectors and warrants further detailed investigations to disclose their possible roles in Bartonella infection cycles.

Ausência de Yersinia enterocolitica em alimentos, e reservatórios animais, em áreas do Estado de Pernambuco, Brasil / The absence of Yersinia enterocolitica in foods and animal reservoirs in areas of the state of Pernambuco, Brazil

Através das análises efetuadas, em 96 amostras de hortaliças cruas, coletadas em 5 restaurantes da cidade do Recife, que servem almoço no peso, não foram encontradas Yersinia enterocolitica nem outras enterobactérias patogênicas. As análises realizadas a partir dos "swabs" orais e retais, obtidos em 15 suínos aparentemente sadios do município de Bonito, no Estado de Pernambuco, também não evidenciaram a presença de Y. enterocolitica. Foram obtidas amostras para análises em 22 roedores e um espécimen de marsupial, entre os quais também não foram encontrados nem Y. enterocolitica nem outros enteropatógenos.

A search for the presence of enteropathogenic bacteria in fresh vegetables obtained in 5 restaurants from the city of Recife, revealed neither Yersinia enterocolitica nor other pathogenic bacteria in 96 samples analyzed. Furthermore, Y. enterocolitica was not found in the oral and rectal swabs taken from 15 apparently healthy pigs at an abattoir in the municipality of Bonito in the Pernambuco State. Another search in which twenty one rodents from four species and one marsupial specimen were examined did not detect the presence of Yersinia and other enteropathogenic bacteria.

Scrub typhus survey of Biak and Owi islands: ectoparasites of small mammals and rickettsial isolations.

A survey of smnall mammals and their ectoparasites was conducted on the islands of Biak and Owi, Indonesia, in August 1976. Two species of chiggers known to serve as vectors of scrub typhus were found: Leptotrombidium (Leptotrombidium) deliense from Rattus exulans, R. ruber, and R. r. septicus; L. (L.) flectcheri from R. exulans, R. leucopus and R. r. septicus. Rickettsia tsutsugamushi was isolated from the spleens of R. exulans and R. r. septicus. The favored ecotype of the chigger and rat hosts of R. tsutsugamushi appeared to be coarse, low-lying native vegetation on a porous coralline soil. These and similar nearby coral islands should be considered high risk areas for scrub typhus.